True membranes or simple layers? Unraveling the nature of chronic subdural hematoma

Authors

Keywords:

Palabras clave: Hematoma subdural crónico; Fisiopatología; Membranas; Neomembranas; Capas.

Abstract

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma is the most common intracranial hemorrhage seen in Neurosurgery departments, with a growing incidence associated with population aging.

Objective: To describe the pathophysiology and histological characteristics of the membranes comprising the chronic subdural hematoma and to determine whether they are true membranes or merely layers.

Method: A narrative literature review was conducted of articles on the pathophysiology, formation, and characterization of chronic subdural hematoma membranes, with an emphasis on those published in the last decade. The search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A total of 37 documents were included, of which 16 were review articles.

Results: The hematoma originates in the layer of cells at the dural border, which can split to accommodate chronic bleeding from bridging veins. This triggers a local inflammatory response, which induces the formation of two layers, parietal and visceral, that organize and contain the hematoma. Their origin is not genetically determined, their histological structure is not uniform, and they lack a lipid bilayer, so they are not true biological membranes.

Conclusions: The chronic subdural hematoma is structured by two fibroreactive layers that respond to the inflammatory process. Both lack the structural elements that define biological membranes, differ in origin, and serve different functions. The new designation of fibroreactive layers aligns with the pathophysiology, may influence prognosis, and guide specific therapeutic management for this type of hematoma.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Lisneydi Alfonso Gómez, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camaguey

UCM de Camaguey, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Especialidad de Histología.

References

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. Lucio Parra LJ, Romo López AG. Diagnóstico y tratamiento del hematoma subdural crónico. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar. [Internet]. 2023 [citado 14 Ago 2025]; 7(1),9647-9663.Disponible en: https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/5164

2. Chen H, Colasurdo M, Malhotra A, Gandhi D, Bodanapally UK. Advances in chronic subdural hematoma and membrane imaging. Front. Neurol. [Internet].2024[citado 14 Ago 2025];15:1366238 [aprox 9 p.].Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38725642/

3. Balevi M. Organized Chronic Subdural Hematomas Treated by Large Craniotomy with Extended Membranectomy as the Initial Treatment. Asian J Neurosurg. [Internet]. 2017[citado 14 Ago 2025]; 12(4): 598–604. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29114271/

4. Colonna S, Lo Bue E, Pesaresi A, DolciL ,Gatto A, Ceroni L, et al. Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study. NeurosurgicalReview.[Internet]. 2025[citado 14 Ago 2025]; 48:349. [aprox 7 p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40175597/

5. Kota N ,Keshireddy A , Pruthi A, Abidin Z , Koneru M. A Scoping Review of the Methodologies andReporting Standards in Recent Applications ofArtificial Intelligence in Radiomics for Chronic Subdural Hematoma Imaging.Cureus.[Internet].2025[citado 14 Ago 2025];17(2):e79163. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40109799/

6. Khan M, Subtain A, Joseph J, Bhatia S, Lakhani D. Chronic calcified subdural hematoma masquerading as hemorrhagic extra-axial mass: A case report and brief review of the literatura. Radiology Case Reports. [Internet]. 2025.[Internet].[citado 14 Ago 2025],2:1615–1619.Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750459/

7. Román-Pena P, Doval-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Botana B, y Gelabert González M. Hematoma subdural crónico. International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences. [Internet].2021]. [citado 14 Ago 2025]; 8(4). [aprox 3 p.]. Disponible en:https://revistas.uautonoma.cl/index.php/ijmss/article/view/1687

8. Holl D, Volovici V, Dirmen C, Peul W, van Kooten F, Jellema K, et al. Phatophisiology and nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma:from past to present to future. WorldNeurosurg. [Internet]. 2018[citado 18 Ago 2025]; 116:402-11. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29772364/

9. Mansour HM, Chaurasia B. Neovascularization in Outer Membrane of Chronic Subdural Hematoma : A Rationale for Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization. J KoreanNeurosurg Soc. [Internet].2025 [citado 18 Ago 2025]; 68 (2): 241-242. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213004/

10. Nouri A, Gondar R, Schaller K, Meling. Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) A review of the current state of art. Brain and Spine 1. [Internet].2021[citado 18 Ago 2025]; 100300. [aprox 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36247395/

11. Shahid AH, Khaleghi M, Suggala S, DyessG,Basett M, Butler DW, et al. Endoscopic subdural membranectomyformulti-septated chronic subdural hematoma: Finding a safe solution whenmiddle meningeal artery embolization is not feasible. SurgNeurolInt. [Internet].2025[citado 18 Ago 2025];16:214. [aprox 3 p.].Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40469338/

12. Osuka K, Ohmichi Y, Ohmichi M, Honma S, Suzuki Ch, Aoyama M, et al. Membrane of Chronic Subdural Angiogenesis in the Outer Membrane of Chronic SubduralHematomas through Thrombin-Cleaved Osteopontin and the Angiogenesis in the Outer. Biomedicines. [Internet].2023 [citado 18 Ago 2025];11,1440. [aprox 12 p.]. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10216439/

13. Edlmann E, Giorgi-Coll S, Whitfield PC, Carpenter K, Hutchinson P. Pathophysiology of chronic subduralhaematoma: inflammation, angiogenesis and implications for pharmacotherapy. Journal of Neuroinflammation.[Internet].2017[citado 18 Ago 2025]; 14:108. [aprox 12 p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28558815/

14. Bodolay DK, Papadimitriou K, Hedjoudje A, Duc C, Vargas MI, Kis JZ, et al. Interdural hematoma: A subtype of convexity subdural/dural hematoma with specific radioanatomical characteristics. SurgicalNeurology International. [Internet].2023 [citado 18 Ago 2025];14:316. [aprox 8 p.]. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10559375/

15. Kim HC, Ko JH, Yoo DS, Lee SK. Spontaneous Resolution of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Close Observation as a Treatment Strategy. J KoreanNeurosurgSoc [Internet]. 2016 Nov [citado 14 Ago 2025];59(6):628-36. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847578/

16. Martínez F, Mañana G, Panuncio A, Laza S. Revisión anatomo-clínica de las meninges y espacios intracraneanos con especial referencia al hematoma subdural crónico. RevMex Neurociencia [Internet]. 2008 [citado 18 Ago 2025];9(1):47-60. Disponible en: https://previous.revmexneurociencia.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Nm081-07.pdf

17. Petrov A, Ivanov A, Rozhchenko L, Petrova A, Bhogal P, Cimpoca A, et al. Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematomas through Embolization. A Pilot Study with a Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agent of Minimal Viscosity (Squid). J ClinMed [Internet]. 2021 Oct [citado 12 Ago 2025];10 (19):4436. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509410/

18. Kung WM, Lin MS. CT Based Quantitative Analysis for Pathological Features Associated With Postoperative Recurrence and Potential Application Upon Artificial Intelligence. A Narrative Review With a Focus on Chronic Subdural Hematomas. Mol Imaging [Internet]. 2020 Ene-Dic [citado 14 Abr 2021];19. [aprox 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7290264/

19. Familiari P, LapollaP, Relucenti M, BattaglioneE,Cristiano L, Sorrentino V, et al. Cortical atrophy in chronic subdural hematoma from ultra‑structures to physical properties. ScientificReports. [Internet]. 2023; 13:3400. [aprox 22 p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36854960/

20. Hostalot-Panisello C, Carrasco–González A, Bilbao-Barandica G, Pomposo-Gaztelu I, Garibi JM. Hematoma Subdural crónico. Presentación y actitudes terapéuticas. RevNeurol [Internet]. 2002 [citado 10 Ago 2025];35: 123-27. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12221622/

21. Sahyouni R, Mahboubi H, Tran P, Roufail JS, Chen JW. Membranectomy in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: a Meta-Analysis. WorldNeurosurg [Internet]. 2017 Ago [citado 20 Jul 2025]; 104:418-29. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541138/

22. Kim KH, Lee Y. Medical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma.Korean J Neurotrauma. [Internet]. 2023. [citado 10 Ago 2025]; ;19(3):288-297. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.13004/kjnt.2023.19.e47

23. Lee KS. History of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Korean J Neurotrauma [Internet]. 2015 Oct [citado 22 Jul 2025];11(2):27-34. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4847516/

24. PrinzoYamurri H, Wilson E, Aboal C. Complicaciones intracraneanas en la cirugía del hematoma subdural crónico. ArchInstNeurol. [Internet]. 2006.[citado 22 Jul 2025];9(1):91-7.Disponible en: https://www.imbiomed.com.mx/articulo.php?id=40926

25. Qiao Y, Alkarawi S, Provasek VE, Zhang YJ, Tsappidi S, Hui F. Chronic subdural hematoma: What precisely are we treating? IntervNeuroradiol. [Internet].2024[citado 22 Jul 2025];21. [aprox 5 p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39034153/

26. Algorta M, Spagnuolo E. Hematoma subdural crónico. Modalidades de tratamiento revisión del tema. Propuesta de manejo. Revista Argentina de Neurocirugia [Internet]. 2010 Oct-Dic [citado 18 Ago 2025];24(4). Disponible en: https://aanc.org.ar/ranc/items/show/306.

27. Mosquera Betancourt G, Téllez Isla R, Fuentes-Chávez J, Ramírez-Reyes E, Toledo Cabarcos Y. Caracterización tomográfica de las membranas en pacientes con hematoma subdural crónico. ArchmédCamagüey. [Internet]. 2022[citado 18 Ago 2025]; 26:e9184.[aprox 16 p.].Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/amc/v26/1025-0255-amc-26-e9184.pdf

28. Yokota M, Osuka K, Ohmichi Y, Ohmichi M, Suzuki Ch, Aoyama M, et al. Platelet-derived Growth Factor Activates Pericytes in the MicrovesselsofChronic Subdural Hematoma Outer Membranes. NeurolMedChir (Tokyo). [Internet].2024[citado 18 Ago 2025];64,50-55. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030262/

29. Mosquera Betancourt G, Téllez Isla R, Fuentes-Chávez J, Alfonso Gómez L, Brunet Bernal G. Caracterización macroscópica de las membranas de los hematomas subdurales crónicos. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas.[Internet].2025[citado 18 Ago 2025];44:e3720.[aprox 24 p.].Disponible en: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/3720/1814

30. Watson H. Biological membran. EsssaysBiochem.[Internet].2015. [citado 18 Ago 2025];59,43–70:Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4626904/

31. Séantier B, Giocondi MC, Le GrimellecC,Pierre- Milhiet PE. Sondeo de modelos compatibles y membranas nativas mediante AFM.[Internet]. 2008[citado 18 Ago 2025];13(5):326-337.Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura-Picas-2/publication/238749271_Nanosca

32. Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histología: Texto y Atlas con Biología Celular y Molecular. 7ª ed. WoltersKluwer; 2016.

33. Standring S (ed). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd ed. Elsevier; 2021.

34. Sadler TW. Embriología médica de Langman. 14ª ed. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2019.

35. Akyuz ME, Sahin MH, Karadag, MK. Comparison of craniotomy and limited membranectomy with conventional techniques in treatment of chronic subdural hematoma.Turk J Med Sc.[Internet].2023[citado 18 Ago 2025];53:1330-1338.Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38813030/.

36. Martins Dos Santos EF. Estudio pronóstico de 2 técnicas quirúrgicas en el hematoma subdural crónico. Trabajo de fin de grado. [Internet].2021.[citado 18 Ago 2025].[aprox 42 p.] Disponible en: https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/handle/10324/47621/TFG-M2163.pdf

37. Verma Y, Abdelghaffar M, Verma O, Gajjar A, GhozySh, Kallmes D. Bevacizumab: Thefuture of chronicsubdural hematoma. IntervNeuroradiol. [Internet].2024;21:].[aprox 12 p.].Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569567/

Published

2026-10-05

How to Cite

1.
Alfonso Gómez L, Mosquera Betancourt G, Arrieta García R. True membranes or simple layers? Unraveling the nature of chronic subdural hematoma. Rev Cubana Inv Bioméd [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 5 [cited 2026 Oct. 5];45:e4072. Available from: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/4072

Issue

Section

ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.