Influence of periodontal disease in pregnant women and the neonate

Abstract

The objective of the study was to analyze the possible relationship between periodontal disease during pregnancy and its alterations or consequences in the neonate. This was carried out through a literature review of scientific articles published between 2018 and 2023. Databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, and Proquest were utilized. Twelve articles that met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected, encompassing comparative studies, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and case series. The results indicate that periodontal disease during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects for both the mother and the neonate. A high incidence of preterm births and low birth weight was observed in women with periodontal diseases. Gingival inflammation, periodontal pockets, inflammatory response, chronic and severe periodontitis were identified as significant risk factors. Periodontal microorganisms and elevated proinflammatory cytokines were key mechanisms implicated in these complications. It is concluded that periodontal disease represents a significant risk during pregnancy, affecting the health of the mother and the development of the fetus. Complications include preterm birth, vulvovaginitis, and premature rupture of membranes in mothers, while neonates show low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. These findings highlight the need for adequate dental care and the prevention of periodontal diseases in pregnant women to improve perinatal outcomes.