Colorectal cancer: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and foundations of survival analysis

Authors

Keywords:

colorectal neoplasms; epidemiology; survival; prognosis; survival analysis; Cuba

Abstract

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent and lethal malignancies worldwide, and its burden keeps growing, with changes in age at presentation and geographic distribution.

Objective: To synthesize current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and methodological foundations of survival analysis in CRC, with emphasis on Cuba.

Development: In 2022, an estimated 1.9 million new cases and more than 900,000 deaths occurred worldwide. Incidence is declining among older adults in countries with organized screening but rising in people younger than 65 years; about 158,850 new cases and 55,230 deaths are projected in the United States for 2026. In Cuba, CRC ranks third in cancer mortality, but survival evidence is mostly local and descriptive, with little integration of prognostic factors. Stage at diagnosis is the main determinant of five-year survival, which in the United States is about 91% for localized colon cancer and 13-14% for distant disease.

Conclusions: Knowledge gaps remain in Cuba regarding five-year survival and its prognostic factors; studies with well-defined follow-up, appropriate handling of censoring and multivariable proportional-hazards analysis would help close them.

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Published

2026-10-08

How to Cite

1.
Castellanos Gonzalez VV, Fernández Sotolongo J, Duquesne Alderete A. Colorectal cancer: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and foundations of survival analysis. Rev Cubana Inv Bioméd [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 8 [cited 2026 Oct. 8];45:e4189. Available from: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/4189

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ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN

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