Recent advances in skin cancer: a systematic review of mechanisms and therapies

Abstract

Skin cancer is a pathology with a growing incidence worldwide, presenting significant challenges in its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The aim of this study is to describe recent advances in the field of skin cancer through a comprehensive literature review, with an emphasis on research published in PubMed. A systematic search was conducted for original studies published up to March 18, 2025, using MeSH terms and keywords related to risk factors, molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The study selection process included three stages: title and abstract review, full-text evaluation based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and methodological quality analysis using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. The findings revealed advancements in identifying risk factors, such as the use of photosensitizing medications, and in understanding molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis, highlighting the role of RAC1 in oral tumors and TERT promoter mutations in acral melanoma. Furthermore, the importance of salivary microbiota in oral cancer and the protective effects of compounds like baicalein against UVB-induced damage were underscored. These findings reinforce the importance of personalized preventive strategies, the development of targeted therapies, and long-term monitoring for patients treated with innovative therapies. In conclusion, this study synthesizes key advancements in skin cancer, providing a solid foundation for future research and improvements in its clinical management.