Serum biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury: selection of patients for computed tomography

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Keywords:

mild traumatic brain injury; serum biomarkers; computed tomography

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of GFAP, UCH-L1, and S100B for guiding computed tomography indication in adults with mild traumatic brain injury.

Methods: A qualitative systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies without meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA 2020. Studies published between January 2016 and May 2026 were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and LILACS, in English and Spanish. The question was structured using the PIRD framework: population, adults with mild traumatic brain injury; index test, serum or plasma biomarkers; reference standard, computed tomography; and outcomes, traumatic intracranial injury, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and potential reduction of computed tomography use.

Results: We identified 247 records and included 14 primary studies in the qualitative synthesis. GFAP and UCH-L1 showed the most consistent performance for ruling out intracranial injury, with high sensitivity and negative predictive value, although with limited specificity. S100B remained useful as a rule-out test in selected low-risk subgroups, particularly within early sampling windows, but its interpretation was more dependent on clinical and extracranial context.

Conclusions: Serum biomarkers do not replace neurological assessment, clinical rules, or clinical judgment. Their greatest utility appears to be supporting diagnostic exclusion in selected patients, requiring prospective validation, implementation studies, and economic evaluations.

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Published

2026-10-24

How to Cite

1.
Minta Tenelema MP, Calero Zea MA, Acosta Gaibor MP, Figueroa Narváez NS, Fajardo Menoscal CL. Serum biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury: selection of patients for computed tomography. Rev Cubana Inv Bioméd [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 24 [cited 2026 Oct. 26];45:e4196. Available from: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/4196

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ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN

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