Use of probiotics in the prevention of dental caries

Abstract

Dental caries are among the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, and their prevention remains a constant challenge for public health. In recent years, probiotics have emerged as an innovative alternative to modulate the oral microbiome and reduce the incidence of cariogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to critically analyze the available evidence on the use of probiotics in the prevention of dental caries, in order to clarify their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and future clinical perspectives. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on original scientific articles published between 2019 and 2024. A total of 408 records were identified through electronic searches in the Springer, PubMed, BioMed Central, and Science Direct databases, from which 20 studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Content analysis revealed that Lactobacillus strains, particularly L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei, are the most extensively studied and show favorable effects in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans, reducing cariogenic biofilms, and enhancing the oral immune response. Other strains such as Streptococcus salivarius and Weissella cibaria have also been explored, showing promising results. Despite these positive findings, methodological limitations persist in many studies, preventing the establishment of definitive clinical recommendations. It is concluded that probiotics represent a potential tool in the prevention of dental caries; however, more robust clinical trials are needed to clearly define the most effective strains, dosages, and administration protocols.