Breast fibroadenoma: updated review of its diagnosis and clinical management

Abstract

Breast fibroadenoma is one of the most common benign neoplasms in young women, characterized by palpable, mobile, and generally painless masses. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of breast fibroadenoma, focusing on its clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics. To achieve this, a systematic search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, HINARI, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords related to the pathology. Articles published between 2008 and 2024 were included, prioritizing studies that addressed aspects such as etiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. The results highlighted that fibroadenomas are most prevalent in women aged 20 to 30, with a significant incidence in adolescents. Their development is influenced by hormonal factors, such as estrogen and progesterone, and may be associated with family history or genetic conditions. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical exams, ultrasound, mammography, and biopsy, making it crucial to differentiate them from malignant lesions like phyllodes tumors or carcinomas. Regarding treatment, minimally invasive techniques such as cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation have been developed, offering good aesthetic results and reducing complications compared to traditional surgical procedures. It is concluded that managing fibroadenoma requires an integral and personalized approach, considering individual factors and promoting future research to clarify underlying hormonal and genetic mechanisms, thereby optimizing its diagnosis and treatment.