Use of space maintainers in pediatric dentistry

Abstract

Premature loss of the first deciduous molar is a common issue in pediatric dentistry that can lead to significant alterations in maxillofacial development and the eruption of permanent dentition, including malocclusions, crowding, and loss of space in the dental arch. This study aimed to analyze the importance of using space maintainers after the premature loss of the first deciduous molar, evaluating their effectiveness in preventing long-term dental complications. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, initially identifying 571 records in databases such as PubMed and SciELO. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 27 articles were selected for final analysis. The results showed that the use of space maintainers is essential for preserving dental arch length and preventing tooth displacement, especially in the first months following premature extraction. However, factors such as facial pattern, the degree of anterior crowding, and the time elapsed since the loss influence the extent of space loss. Additionally, the need to improve parental knowledge on this topic was emphasized to ensure timely interventions. In conclusion, space maintainers are indispensable devices in pediatric dentistry to prevent functional, aesthetic, and emotional complications associated with the premature loss of primary teeth, optimizing dentomaxillofacial development and reducing the need for complex orthodontic treatments in the future.