Biochemical markers and braf mutations in thyroid cancer

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is a complex pathology whose clinical management has significantly evolved with the development of biochemical markers and genetic advancements. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relevance of biochemical markers (thyroglobulin and calcitonin) and BRAF genetic mutations in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of thyroid cancer through a literature review using the PRISMA 2020 methodology. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed using a specific algorithm, initially identifying 1,112 articles. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 key studies were selected for analysis. The results highlighted the utility of thyroglobulin in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma, although interference from anti-thyroglobulin antibodies poses significant challenges. Calcitonin remains fundamental in medullary carcinoma, but its interpretation requires consideration of variability in moderately elevated levels. BRAF mutations emerged as a key therapeutic target, particularly in anaplastic carcinoma, with BRAF and MEK inhibitors showing promising results. Additionally, heterogeneity in monitoring protocols was observed, reinforcing the need for personalization according to the patient’s profile. In conclusion, biochemical markers and genetic mutations are essential tools in the management of thyroid cancer, though challenges remain that demand further research and the incorporation of innovative methodologies to optimize their clinical application.