Oral manifestations in pediatric patients and adolescents with the human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract

The present study addresses oral manifestations in children and adolescents with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a relevant topic given the high vulnerability of this population to opportunistic infections and oral complications. The objective was to identify the main oral manifestations, their associated factors, and the available preventive and therapeutic interventions to improve dental care for these patients. A systematic bibliographic review was conducted using scientific databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, and ProQuest, selecting 20 studies published between 2019 and 2024 that met specific inclusion criteria. The results showed that oral candidiasis is the most prevalent manifestation, followed by dental caries and periodontal diseases, with the latter being closely related to viral load and the patient's immune status. Additionally, it was observed that antiretroviral treatments significantly reduce certain oral manifestations, although they may produce side effects that impact oral health. Regarding interventions, the importance of oral hygiene education, antiretroviral therapy, and specific treatment for oral lesions was highlighted, which helps prevent complications and improve patients' quality of life. In conclusion, oral manifestations in children and adolescents with HIV are multifactorial and require a multidisciplinary approach for comprehensive management, prioritizing individualized protocols and frequent evaluations as part of their clinical care. This study reinforces the need to integrate dentistry into health programs aimed at this vulnerable population.