Risk factors in ischemic stroke: clinical case analysis

Abstract

Stroke (CVA) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, with a multifactorial pathophysiology involving genetic, metabolic, and cardiovascular factors. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and smoking have been identified as key determinants in the development of ischemic cerebral events. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on the presentation and evolution of an ischemic stroke in a patient with metabolic comorbidities, in order to contribute to the understanding of its pathophysiology and to strengthen secondary prevention strategies. A clinical case study was conducted on a 64-year-old patient with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and active smoking. Clinical data, metabolic biomarkers, imaging tests, and therapeutic strategies were analyzed. The results showed an ischemic event in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), with sinus bradycardia and pulmonary venous shunt, suggesting a possible embolic mechanism. Treatment included nimodipine, rosuvastatin, and acetylsalicylic acid, along with secondary prevention measures. It is concluded that ischemic stroke is strongly influenced by the interaction of multiple modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Early detection, strict blood pressure control, and optimization of metabolic management are essential to reduce the recurrence of stroke and improve the patient's quality of life.