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Manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la COVID-19. Bases de su transmisión ocular.
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Introducción: La COVID-2019 es un importante problema de salud que la Organización Mundial de la Salud definió como pandemia. Estudios en felinos y murinos describieron cuadros de conjuntivitis, uveítis anterior, retinitis y neuritis óptica. En humanos lo más frecuentemente es la conjuntivitis viral aguda, sin embargo, su estudio continúa en evolución. Se investiga la infección por coronavirus adquirida mediante de la transmisión ocular, su mecanismo no se ha esclarecido totalmente.
Objetivos: describir las principales manifestaciones oftalmológicas, así como el papel del dinamismo de la superficie ocular y la presencia de receptores moleculares en la transmisión del SARS-COV-2 por esta vía.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en idioma español e inglés desde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de julio de 2020, en los repositorios PubMed, Ebsco, Scielo y Google Académico. Además se consultaron sitios web de organismos y asociaciones oftalmológicas.
Resultados: pacientes infectados con SARS-COV-2 pueden presentar conjuntivitis folicular leve. El ojo humano presenta su propio sistema renina-angiotensina, el cual, junto al gen TMPRSS2 participan en la transmisión ocular del virus. Sociedades oftalmológicas coinciden en la recomendación del uso de medios de protección ocular para prevenir, contener y mitigar la propagación del virus.
Conclusiones: la conjuntivitis viral es la principal presentación oftalmológica del coronavirus 2019. Aunque existe un bajo riesgo infestación a través de lágrimas, su mecanismo de transmisión por esta vía se ha descrito. Incluso en ausencia de conjuntivitis el SARS-COV-2 puede existir o replicarse en la conjuntiva, por tanto la protección ocular es aconsejable.
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