Avances científicos en el análisis de la condición física y composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios

Jorge Enrique Buitrago-Espitia, Lianell Jova Elejalde

Texto completo:

PDF

Resumen

Introducción: Las capacidades que permiten a una persona realizar actividad física durante un período prolongado determinan su condición física. La composición corporal incluye la masa muscular, la masa grasa, la masa ósea, entre otros elementos.

Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas acerca de la condición física y la composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios.

Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios sobre la condición física y la composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios a partir de las directrices PRISMA. Se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. La escala de valoración de la calidad metodológica determinó el riesgo de sesgo de las publicaciones.

Resultados: Se analizaron 42 estudios de 17 países. La información se organizó sobre la base de las variables composición corporal, fuerza muscular, resistencia cardiovascular, flexibilidad, rapidez y capacidades de coordinación.

Conclusiones: La condición física de los estudiantes universitarios ha disminuido en las últimas décadas, según estudios comparativos con poblaciones de 20 o 30 años atrás. Aunque la altura e índice de masa corporal se incrementó en algunas poblaciones, el nivel de las capacidades motoras disminuyó. Esto evidencia la necesidad de implementar estrategias que incluyan más actividad física en los estudiantes universitarios.

Palabras clave

capacidades físicas; impedancia bioeléctrica; nivel socioeconómico; rendimiento motor; jóvenes.

Referencias

Kljajević V, Stanković M, Ðorđević D, Trkulja-Petković D, Jovanović R, Plazibat K, et al. Physical activity and physical fitness among university students-A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010158

Podstawski R, Finn KJ, Clark CCT, Ihasz F, Alfodi Z, Žurek P. The intensities of various forms of physical activity in physical education programs offered by universities for male university students. Act Kinesiol. 2021;15(1):42-51. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.5

Kochman M, Kasperek W, Guzik A, Drużbicki M. Body composition and physical fitness: does this relationship change in 4 years in young adults? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031579

World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. WHO; 2020 [acceso 10/10/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128

Reiner-Henrich M, Niermann C, Jekauc D, Woll A. Long-term health benefits of physical activity-a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):813. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-813

Xu S, Liu Z, Tian S, Ma Z, Jia C, Sun G. Physical activity and resilience among college students: the mediating effects of basic psychological needs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3722. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073722

Chang YK. Chapter 5-Acute exercise and event-related potential: current status and future prospects. Exer Cognition Interaction, Nerosci Perspectives. 2016:105-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800778-5.00005-0

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Law M, Stewart D, Pollock N, Letts L, Bosch J, Westmorland M. Critical Review Form-Quantitative Studies. McMaster University; 1998 [acceso 10/10/2023]. Disponible en: https://canchild.ca/system/tenon/assets/attachments/000/000/366/original/quantguide.pdf

Parra-Soto S, Poblete-Valderrama F, Lamana RZ, Cigarroa I, Iturra J, Cenzano-Castillo L, et al. Relationship between anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of body mass index, physical condition and eating habits in university health and education students. Rev Chil Nutr. 2023;50(1):20-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182023000100020

Torres-Costoso A, Garrido-Miguel M, Gracia-Marco L, López-Muñoz P, Reina-Gutiérrez S, Arenas-Arroyo SN, et al. The “fat but fit” paradigm and bone health in young adults: A cluster analysis. Nutr. 2021;13(2):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020518

Hollerbach BS, Cosgrove SJ, Deblauw JA, Jitnarin N, Poston WSC, Heinrich KM. Muscular strength, power, and endurance adaptations after two different university fitness classes. Sports. 2021;9(8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9080107

Lazăr AG, Leuciuc FV. Study concerning the physical fitness of romanian students and its effects on their health-related quality of life. Sustain. 2021;13(12):6821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126821

Wilson-Barnes SL, Hunt JEA, Mendis J, Williams EL, King D, Roberts H, et al. The relationship between vitamin D status, intake and exercise performance in UK university-level athletes and healthy inactive controls. PLoS One. 2021;16(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249671

Martín-Espinosa NM, Garrido-Miguel M, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, González-García A, Redondo-Tébar A, Cobo-Cuenca AI. The mediating and moderating effects of physical fitness of the relationship between adherence to the mediterranean diet and health-related quality of life in university students. Nutr. 2020;12(11):1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113578

Görner K, Reineke A. The influence of endurance and strength training on body composition and physical fitness in female students. J Phys Edu Sport. 2020;20:2013-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s3272

Ramírez-Vélez R, Correa-Rodríguez M, Izquierdo M, Schmidt-Riovalle J, González-Jiménez E. Muscle fitness to visceral fat ratio, metabolic syndrome and ideal cardiovascular health metrics. Nutr. 2019;11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010024

Podstawski R, Żurek P. Secular changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of Polish male university students between 2000 and 2018. Am J Hum Biol. 2021;33(2). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23520

Podstawski R, Markowski P, Choszcz D, Boraczynski M, Gronek P. Socioeconomic determinants of the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of polish male university students: a cross-sectional study conducted in 2000-2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041300

Podstawski R, Marzec A. Relationships between socioeconomic factors versus the anthropometric and motor characteristics of Polish female university students (2000-2018). Phys Activ Rev. 2021;9(1):117-27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.14

Lewandowski A, Siedlaczek M, Piekorz Z. Long-term changes in physical fitness components determining the motor performance of young people studying physiotherapy in 2001-2020. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41803-0

Lelonek M, Przychodni A, Lorger M, Ciesla E, Suliga E. Handgrip strength and body mass index in Polish and Croatian female university students of preschool and primary education. Med Stud. 2022;38(4):287-94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ms.2022.122385

Cao JH, Zhao F, Ren ZY. Association between changes in muscle strength and risk of depressive symptoms among chinese female college students: a prospective cohort Study. Front Public Health. 2021;9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.616750

Atencio-Osorio MA, Carrillo-Arango HA, Ramírez-Vélez R. Association between physical fitness and depressive symptoms in university students: a cross-sectional analysis. Nutr Hosp. 2022;39(6):1369-77. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.04337

O’Brien MW, Shivgulam ME, Wojcik WR, Barron BA, Seaman RE, Fowles JR. 30 year trends of reduced physical fitness in undergraduate students studying human movement. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114099

Kung YT, Chang CM, Hwang FM, Chi SC. The association between body mass index and physical fitness of normal weight/overweight/obese university students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155391

Tian Q, Wang H, Kaudimba KK, Guo S, Zhang H, Gao S, et al. Characteristics of physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk in chinese university students with normal-weight obesity: A cross-sectional study. Diab Metabol Syndr Obes. 2020;13:4157-67. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S280350

Zhang C, Liu Y, Xu S, Sum RKW, Ma R, Zhong P, et al. Exploring the level of physical fitness on physical activity and physical literacy among chinese university students: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol. 2022;13:833461. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833461

Wilson OWA, Kamara K, Papalia Z, Bopp M, Bopp CM. Changes in hypertension diagnostic criteria enhance early identification of at risk college students. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med. 2020;5(1):1-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/TJX.0000000000000114

Azmi NA, Zaki NTA, Kong MC, Ab Rahman NNA, Zanudin A. Correlation of physical activity level with physical fitness and respiratory function amongst undergraduates. Trends Sci. 2021;18(19). DOI: https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.24

Kong L, Cui Y, Gong Q. Duration of daytime napping is related to physical fitness among chinese university students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(22). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215250

Kaewwong SC, Chainarong A, Namwaing P, Pansri W, Sritha P, Boonwang T, et al. The circuit exercise improved physical fitness and cardiovascular endurance in male college students. Gazzetta Med Ital Arch Sci Med. 2023;182(3):121-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0393-3660.22.04913-0

Lu Y, Wiltshire HD, Baker JS, Wang Q, Ying S. The effect of Tabata-style functional high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and physical activity in female university students. Front Physiol. 2023;14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1095315

Lu Z, Li Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, et al. Correlation between campus-built environment and physical fitness in college students in Xi’an-A GIS approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(13):7948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137948

Bonilla DA, Sánchez-Rojas IA, Mendoza-Romero D, Moreno Y, Kočí J, Gómez-Miranda LM, et al. Profiling physical fitness of physical education majors using unsupervised machine learning. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010146

López-Sánchez GF, Radzimiński Ł, Skalska M, Jastrzębska J, Smith L, Wakuluk D, et al. Body composition, physical fitness, physical activity and nutrition in Polish and Spanish female students of sports sciences. Sci Sports. 2020;35(1):e21-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2019.04.002

López-Sánchez GF, Radzimiński Ł, Skalska M, Jastrzębska J, Smith L, Wakuluk D, et al. Body composition, physical fitness, physical activity and nutrition in polish and spanish male students of sports sciences: Differences and correlations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(7). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071148

Yoo JI, Cho J, Baek KW, Kim MH, Kim JS. Relationship between smartphone use time, sitting time, and fitness level in university students. Exer Sci. 2020;29(2):170-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2020.29.2.170

Pacholek M, Zemková E, Arnolds K, Šagát P. The effects of a 4-week combined aerobic and resistance training and volleyball training on fitness variables and body composition on STEAM students. Appl Sci. 2021;11(18):8397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188397

Garrido‐Miguel M, Martínez V, Fernández‐Rodríguez R, Martínez‐Ortega IA, Hernández LE, Bizzozero B, et al. The role of physical fitness in the relationship between nut consumption and body composition in young adults. Nutr. 2021;13(6). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13062126

Alnuaimi J, Al-Za’abi A, Yousef IA, Belghali M, Liftawi SM, Shraim ZF, et al. Effect of a health-based-physical activity intervention on university sudents’ physically active behaviors and perception. IJSDP. 2023;18(5):1451-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180515

Muntaner-Mas A, Sanchez-Azanza VA, Ortega FB, Vidal-Conti J, Borràs PA, Cantallops J, et al. The effects of a physical activity intervention based on a fatness and fitness smartphone app for University students. Health Inform J. 2021;27(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458220987275



Licencia de Creative Commons
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.