Óxido nítrico y estrés oxidativo en la retinopatía diabética

María Eliana Hidalgo Lillo, María Isabel López Benavides, Victoria Novik Assael, Georgina Sánchez Parra, Ela María Céspedes Miranda

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Resumen

El estrés oxidativo está implicado en las complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus, como la retinopatía. En condiciones de hiperglucemia se incrementan los niveles de óxido nítrico y de anión superóxido, y se produce daño irreversible a biomoléculas.
En este estudio se evaluaron los niveles urinarios y plasmáticos de nitritos, nitrotirosina en plasma eindicadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 con y sin retinopatía, procedentes de los Hospitales Gustavo Fricke, Naval y Van Buren, en Valparaíso. Se observó diferencia en los niveles de nitritos en plasma entre diabéticos con y sin retinopatía, y el grupo control (117,95±8,80 μmol/L; 77,98±32,65 μmol/L; 58,72±13,37 μmol/L; respectivamente; p<0,0001). La nitrotirosina plasmática es menor en diabéticos sin retinopatía en relación con los que presentan la complicación (0,76±1,93vs 2,20±2,44 μmol/L; p=0,0008) y es casi imperceptible en el grupo control (0,02±0,00μmol/L). Una menor actividad de las enzimas superóxidodismutasa y catalasa, así como mayor lipoperoxidación se demostró en pacientes con retinopatía.
Los resultados permiten sugerir que existe una relación entre la formación e inactivación de NO con el estrés oxidativo, la retinopatía diabética y probablemente con la patogenia de esta complicación.

Palabras clave

óxido nítrico, estrés oxidativo, diabetes mellitus tipo 1, retinopatía

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